A mathematical model is a transformation of a set of data D based on a precisely formulated idea of physical reality I to the quantities of interest F. In short hand: (D, I) → F. The transformation represented by the right arrow (→) comprises all operations needed for producing F.
These operations usually involve (a) the solution of a deterministic mathematical problem, such as a problem of elasticity, (b) statistical characterization of the physical parameters, (c) uncertainties associated with initial and boundary conditions and (d) post-processing procedures.
Learn more about the use Mathematical Models in engineering simulation HERE.